The Indonesian Financial Crisis Essay Online For Freedere - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2772 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Banking Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The occurrence and severity of the Indonesian financial crisis in 1997 surprised everyone. Indonesian economic performance has ranked among the best in the world, so that praised by the World Bank (1993) as a part of East Asian miracle. Hill (1998) notes that before the crisis almost every technical economic indicator looked safe. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Indonesian Financial Crisis Essay Online For Freedere" essay for you Create order Economic growth was robust in average of 7.9 percent during 1990 to 1996. The inflation rate associated with the growth path was persistently high, but was still below 10 percent. The average inflation rate associated with the 7.9 percent was 8.3 percent in CPI, and even reached 6.5 percent in 1996. As pointed out by McLeod (1997), inflation was falling, not rising, and the relatively large current account deficit was not caused by unsustainably rapid growth but by high capital inflow, which made sustainable high growth possible, and was itself a response to high returns to investment in Indonesia. In other words, the deficit on current account of the balance of payments looked manageable. The fiscal accounts were in surplus, except a little negative in 1992 and 1993. The structure of savings and investment associated with the growth path was good enough. Official foreign exchange reserves looked adequate and were trending upwards. Even many also believed that Indonesia was in muc h better position and strategy in responding to the regional currency crisis compared to Thailand. (Feridhanusetyawan, et al, 1998). First, macroeconomic indicators, especially current account deficit was at around 4 percent of GDP while Thailand already reached around 9 percent. Second, Indonesias Rupiah was not fixed like the Thai Bath, which allowed for some adjustments in responding to the speculative attacks. Third, the slowdown in export growth in 1996 was not as severe as Thailand mainly because real wages grew at much slower rate due to less tight labor market compared to Thailand. In short time after the crisis started, however, it was clear that Indonesia was in much worse condition compared to other Asian countries in crisis. Both foreign and domestic investors have fled, and hundreds of corporations are bankrupt. The banking system has effectively ground to a halt, with very little new lending taking place and dozens of banks insolvent. Domestic demand has plummeted. Thousands of Indonesians have lost their jobs, and millions more face a substantial reduction in their standard of living. (Radelet, 1999) Even after ten years of Indonesian crisis, it is still unclear what really the roots of crisis. The common agreement among scholars is that the existing models so called first generation models (Krugman, 1979; Flood and Garber, 1984) and second generation models (Obstfeld, 1986) failed to explain the Indonesian financial crisis. The failure of the first generation models can be seen from these facts. Government budget was balance or moving into surplus (partly in appropriate fiscal response to higher net private capital flows). Growth in monetary aggregates was fairly high, but cannot be described as runaway monetary expansion. Inflation rate was coming down, nominal GDP growth was largely at levels corresponding to money creation, and Indonesia was at a stage of development where money demand was still growing. The logic of the second-generat ion crisis model does not apply to the Indonesian financial crisis either. There was no such trade-off between the benefits of a credible exchange rate peg and the costs in terms of higher interest rates, higher unemployment or lower growth of defending the peg before the crisis erupted. Past and expected growth was enviably high, interest rates and sovereign yield spreads were going down, not up, and unemployment was informal (as usual in developing countries). In other words, when the crisis began in mid-1997 Indonesia did not have substantial unemployment nor other apparent incentives to abruptly abandon the pegged exchange rate regimes generally followed in the region in order to pursue a more expansionary policy as suggested by second-generation crisis models. Research Objective While many studies are still difficult to find common agreement about the causes of the Indonesian financial crisis, this paper argues that the weak Indonesian banking sector as result of improper banking deregulation contributed to the crisis. In this respect, this paper provides an empirical test of the view that the banking was fragile, and to determine the factor contributing to banking fragility by using individual bank balance sheet data. Methodological Issues II.1. Framework Banks continue to dominate the financial systems of most developing and transition countries, as well as Indonesia. As illustration, the study of the World Bank (1997) shows that the ratio of banking sector assets to all financial institutions assets of Indonesia in 1994 was 0.9. The importance of banking system in Indonesia can also be considered from the ratio of deposit money bank assets to GDP at 0.65 in the same year. In another hand, banking is by nature a high exposure business. As financial intermediaries, it is the business of banks to take on risks passed on them. Banks are typically exposed to a host of different types of risks. Aside from credit risks (default risk) that arise from intermediating between depositors and borrowers, banks also face interest rate risk, currency risk, and market risk. (Bacha, 1998) Based on the importance and the nature of banking system as explained above, it is important to maintain bank soundness. For achieving sound banking system, si nce the early 1980s, the Indonesian government introduced banking deregulation. It seems such deregulation encouraged operating environment of the Indonesian financial system. However, discussions even prior to the crisis had pointed to the underdevelopment of governance in the Indonesian banking sector, resulting weak banking sector. Some analyses (including Frankel, 1998; Krugman, 1998; Noland, 1998; Yellen, 1998) as summarized by Cabalu (1999), note this stylist features: connected lending (i.e. lending to related parties); excessive concentration of lending to particular borrowers or areas; excessively high loan to valuation ratios; inadequate covenants to restrict the activities of borrowers; lending based on asset values, rather than capacity to service from income; failure to recognize and provide for deterioration in loan quality; lending to firms or individuals as a result of government directive, rather than on a commercial basis; lack of transparency and inadequate pruden tial regulations; strong expectations of government bailouts should banks get into difficulties. For maintaining sound banking system, Lindgren, et al. (1996) present a framework for sound banking that comprises a supportive operating environment, internal governance, external discipline provided by market forces, and external governance provided by regulation and supervision at the domestic and international levels. (Figure 1) No single of one of these elements is sufficient by itself; each is subject to failure, or may be underdeveloped in a given economy. Figure 1: Framework of banking sector soundness Supportive operating environment Internal governance Banking sector soundness External governance Market discipline Regulation and supervision Source: Lindgren, et al. (1996) In analyzing the existing weakness on the Indonesian banking sector, which contributed to the crisis, this paper employs that framework with some modifications. This paper argues that banking deregulation has imposed by the Indonesian government since the early 1980s significantly encouraged the operating environment of the Indonesian financial system. We can note the greater access to banking sector due to increasing the number of banks and branches, increasing bank lending, developing the size of financial sector, maturity structure that beneficial for corporate sector, and better performance and efficiency of banking sector. This good result, however, was undermined by underdevelopment of governance in the Indonesian banking sector. Refer to the framework presented by Lindgren et al. (1996); Indonesia did not yet successfully solve the existing governance failure, both internal and external governance failures. The se failures have caused unsoundness in the Indonesian banking sector, indicated by accumulation of non-performing assets in the banking sector. As further will be analyzed, such a banking weakness in the arena of international integration contributed in maintaining dynamics of sustained mispricings and continuous short-term capital inflows. The weak banking sector caused higher interest rates in the domestic markets so that interest rate arbitration does not take place. When interest rate arbitration does not take place, where i(d) i(f) + e + rp  [1]  , while large firms could, to some extent, take advantage of low foreign interest rates by borrowing abroad directly rather than via the intermediation of the domestic banking sector, it tended to be the smaller and perhaps less efficient firms that increased their demand for loans from the private banking sector. If this is so, then as far as the domestic banks are concerned, there is an adverse selection problem in terms of the nature of their assets, which further weakens their balance sheets. The proportion of non-performing loans (NPLs) burdening the banks may therefore be expected to rise over time. This in turn makes the supply curve of bank lending shift left (i.e. de facto increase in bank cost structure), leading to a reduction of domestic credit and a rise in the domestic equilibrium interest rate. In fact, if there is asymmetric information such that foreign investors are not aware of the increased NPLs and if consequently country/currency risk premia remain unchanged, we have the paradoxical result that increased domestic financial fragility could induce additional capital inflows in the short to medium term. Figure 2: Conceptual framework and flow of analysis Banking sector deregulation Better operating environment Governance Problem failure Weak banking sector Financial vulnerability Figure 3: Effects of banking deregulation number of banks and branches bank lending size of the financial sector Banking deregulation maturity structure performance: profitability efficiency: ex ante spreads and ex post spreads Figure 4: The governance failures in the Indonesian banking sector Internal governance failure Governance failure Market discipline failure External governance failures Regulatory and supervisory failure Figure 5: Weak banking sector and build up financial vulnerability International market integration Weak banking sector Capital inflows Interest rate differential External borrowing accumulation, especially in corporate sector Accumulation of NPLs Build up financial vulnerability A reasonable place to start is with a traditional model of the effects of financial liberalization against the background of financial repression, with an added assumption that financial intermediation occurs largely through the banking sector, with households placing their savings with the banks and the banks lending to firms for purposes of investment. Figure 6 illustrates this, where the authorities fix an interest rate at level (ic) below the equilibrium one. As a consequence there is excess demand and credit rationing. Financial liberalization allows a (higher) equilibrium rate (ie) to be established. This causes both the supply of loanable funds to increase, as saving is encouraged, and the demand for them to fall, as fewer investment projects appear profitable. Since at the equilibrium interest rate the market is cleared, there is no ration credit by other means. However, the model so far relates to a closed economy and needs to be modified to allow for a liberalized c apital account and access to international capital. International financial liberalization may also include trade in financial services. Here the key questions are: how does the domestic rate of interest compare with interest rates abroad, what is expected to happen to the exchange rate, is currency depreciation anticipated, and does the country carry a risk premium because of concerns about default and the small probability of a large negative exogenous shock. Making allowance for these factors, foreign capital will flow in for as long as the domestic rate of interest exceeds the foreign rate. In terms of Figure 7 the supply curve of loans will shift to the right, with Z2 Z1 reflecting capital inflows. However, of course, this increase in the supply of credit will tend to push down the domestic rate of interest until it is equal to the foreign rate (if), after allowing for expected currency depreciation and risk premia. Thus in equilibrium in a country with both a liberalized d omestic financial system and international financial liberalization, the following equality will tend to hold: i(d) = i(f) + e + rp where i(d) is the domestic interest rate, i(f) is the foreign interest rate, e is the expected exchange rate depreciation, and rp is the risk premium. But will it automatically follow that, with e and rp both equal to zero, i(d) = i(f)? The rapid convergence of interest rates may be prevented if the domestic banking sector is relatively inefficient and if capital inflows are intermediated only via the domestic banking sector. In these circumstances i(d) may continue to exceed i(f). However, with fuller international financial liberalization and increasing foreign competition, which may involve the establishment of foreign subsidiaries in the domestic banking sector, the costs of the domestic banks may be expected to fall. This will shift the supply curve of bank lending down and to the right. When interest rate arbitration does not take plac e, where i(d) i(f) + e + rp, while large firms could, to some extent, take advantage of low foreign interest rates by borrowing abroad directly rather than via the intermediation of the domestic banking sector, it tended to be the smaller and perhaps less efficient firms that increased their demand for loans from the private banking sector. If this is so, then as far as the domestic banks are concerned, there is an adverse selection problem in terms of the nature of their assets, which further weakens their balance sheets. The proportion of non-performing loans (NPLs) burdening the banks may therefore expected to rise over time. This in turn makes the supply curve of bank lending shift left (i.e. de facto increase in bank cost structure), leading to a reduction of domestic credit and a rise in the domestic equilibrium interest rate. In fact, if there is asymmetric information such that foreign investors are not aware of the increased NPLs and if consequently country/currency ris k premia remain unchanged, we have the paradoxical result that increased domestic financial fragility could induce additional capital inflows in the short to medium term. Figure 6: Loan market equilibrium with financial repression and financial liberalization SS0 DD0 i e ic Zd Zz Ze Zs Figure 7: International financial liberalization SS0 SS1 DD1 DD0 i id if Z2 Z1 Z II.2. Empirical Model and Econometric Procedures The empirical framework used to determine factors contribution to the banking fragility is a probit or normit model. The regression model is specified as: (1) where is commonly known as a latent variable. It is unobserved, and therefore is replaced by an observed dummy variable, , such that: (2) A bank is said to be solvent if it had a capital adequacy ratio (CAR) equal to, or more than, zero during the crisis. A bank is technically bankrupt if the CAR fell below zero. Because the shocks that occurred during the crisis were so large, a bank that maintained its CAR above zero can be called a resistant bank. Therefore, the latent variable can be defined as the ability to resist the crisis. The vector of explanatory variables, , represent the performance and conduct of a bank during the pre-crisis period. If these pre-crisis indicators can significantly explain the variation in , it can be claimed statistically that is detrimental for bank performance during the crisis. Technically, this requires relatively small error terms , in the sense that the variation in mostly belongs to the variation in . In order to accommodate the above idea, the probit estimation technique is used. In Shazam, the probability of occurrence of the dependent variable P(y=1), is described as: (3) Where F(.) represents the cumulative normal density function. The index is a linear function of , but the probabilities are not; therefore, the coefficient must be interpreted carefully. The estimation is done by maximizing the value of the log likelihood function, which is defined as: (4) The maximization of equation (4) is accomplished by non-linear estimation methods. Because it is a concave function, it has a unique solution and trial and error procedures can start from any value. The estimated coefficients tell the effect of a change in the explanatory variable on the index, rather than on the dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable can b e computed as: (5) Where f(.) is the normal density function. It is clear from equation (5) that the effect on the dependent variable is different for each observation. Alternatively, the elasticity can be used, and is defined as: (6) Since the elasticity is different for every observation, either elasticity at means or weighted aggregate elasticity may be used. The elasticity at means is defined as: (7) The weighted aggregate elasticity is computed as: (8) A test of the null hypothesis that all are zero can be carried out by using the log-likelihood as follows: (9) Where L(0) is defined as: (10) Where N is the number of observations and S is the number of successes observed (=1). Various R ² can be computed, and the most appealing one can be selected. The Maddala R ² is computed as: (11) The Cragg-Uhler R ² is defined as: (12) The McFadden R ² is: (13) The Chow R ² is: (14)

The Writings of Sigmund Freud Essay example - 2129 Words

The Writings of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud remains a figure whose influence it is hard to over-state. While many of his ideas in the field of depth psychology, a field he largely created, have been compromised and challenged over the course of the 20th century his influence remains palpable. We continue to use terms that Freud originated almost unthinkingly - concepts of frustration, aggression, guilt, anxiety, projection, defence mechanisms and the unconscious remain dominant. Few of Freud’s writings touch on matters of direct interest to international relations but those that do have not only provided compelling arguments on the origins of war, society and violence but continue to be of†¦show more content†¦He recognised the conflict between the freedom of the individual and the order imposed by society. The emergence of civilisation is dependent on the repression of our instinctual drives. Like religion, society institutionalises systems of rules which affect us from our youngest days and imbue us with a counter-instinctual sense of ‘right’ and ‘wrong’. The denial of our urges leads to the accumulation of aim-inhibited libinal energy which provides the necessary potency to bind individuals together in a social group and counter-acts their violent desires. What is important for Freud is that the drive to aggressiveness is as natural and immutable in human nature as the sex drive. He observed that individuals can, and do, derive satisfaction from violent action when circumstances conspire to remove social restrictions*. The internalisation of aggression produces guilt and discontent which can only be mitigated by directing aggression outwards against another as violence. He writes that for individuals â€Å"their neighbour is†¦not only a potential helper or sexual object, but also someone who tempts them to satisfy their aggressiveness on him, to exploit his capacity to work without compensation, to use him sexually without his co nsent, to seize his possessions, to humiliate him†¦.to torture and kill him†[1]. Man is wolf to man. Civilisation then, if it is toShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Life Of Psychology And Psychoanalysis1330 Words   |  6 Pagesonly if is related to psychoanalysis said Sigmund Freud, a pioneer in the world of psychology and psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud - Life and Work.). Freud had a passion for the mind. Not just the mind of the average man but also the minds of the sick and tortured souls. He built his life around knowledge and manipulation of others minds to give them peace and reach understanding. Though he has been condemned as a cult leader and a fraud, Sigmund Freud is undisputedly the most influential personRead MoreSigmund Freud and Carl Jung1331 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud and Carl Jung Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung begun their relationship in 1906, when Carl Jung sent Freud a copy of his signed published studies, But Jung did not know that Sigmund Freud actually already owned a copy (well-Documented). Jung looked up to Freud and saw him as a father figure (well-Documented). Freud became Jung’s Mentor. In 1909, Freud and Jung toured the United States, and this is were they had a few disagreement on the unconscious mind. Jung thought Freud was negativeRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1339 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud Biographic Description of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (currently known as Czech Republic). Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which entails a scientific analysis of unpacking unconscious conflicts based on free associations, fantasies, and dreams of the patient. He was among the greatest psychologists of the 20th century, and his legacy lasts up to now. While young (4 years old), his family relocated to Vienna where he lived andRead MoreSons And Lovers By D. H. Lawrence901 Words   |  4 Pagessex and love. His books were ahead of time, and he was quite influenced by Sigmund Freud. I believe that Freud really influenced lawrence’s writing during Chapters 6 and 7 when Paul is starting to get closer to females, and his mother did not want any other female to be in Paul’s life other than herself, which is one of Freud s early theories on sexuality, and Sons and Lovers deeply explores and revises of one of Freud s major theories, the Oedipus complex, such as Paul truly and deeply lovesRead More Sigmund Freud Essay796 Words   |  4 Pages Sigmund Freud In the 1920s, the world was changing dramatically. Underground salons were built, new architecture was used and modern dance was introduced. If it were not for certain people, the world would not be the way it is today. In the twenties, new theories and ideas in science and psychology were being presented daily. Sigmund Freud changed the world of psychology by presenting new and controversial ideas on psychology and having his theories published. Freud broke cultural boundaries asRead MoreFreud and Jungs Father/Son Relationship835 Words   |  4 PagesFreudJung Introduction The relationship between Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud began in 1906 when Jung sent Freud a signed copy of his published studies. Unknown to Jung, Freud had already purchased his own copy of the book after hearing how favorably his name figured into the writings. Six months later, Freud sent a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zà ¼rich.(The Well-Documented Friendship of Carl Jung Sigmund Freud, 2014,p.1) When the two were finally able to meetRead MorePhilosphers and Theories835 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Philosophers and their Principal Theories Sigmund Schlomo Freud was an Austrian neurologist born on May 06, 1856. Freud is know as the father of psychoanalysis, his theories of the unconscious mind and repression. Freud created the clinical method of psychoanalysis to investigate and treat psychopathology. Freud understood the workings of the human brain. He was intrigued by it, I believe that was one of the reasons he was a neurologist. Freud came from a poor family of eight children and heRead More Sigmund Freuds Influence upon Salvador Dali Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesexpand knowledge and understanding. Sigmund Freud, the most renowned, thought provoking psychologist to have ever lived, opened an exciting chapter in the study of the mind. Without a doubt, Freud had influenced, and inspired artists searching for something new. The world of psychology and art were interweaving and promising a bold new path. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) studied medicine, science, and philosophy as an introduction to the study of the human mind. Freud desired to have a thorough understandingRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1568 Words   |  7 Pages Freud Sigmund Yifan Wang Current issues in history Vanier College 2014-11-11 Freud Sigmund In the 19th century, people progressed toward a new era of scientific revolution with new inventions and technologies. Doctors find treatment to heal cancer and people lives longer than before. On the other hand, Freud Sigmund the Jewish psychiatrist offered a new cure to mental illness that individual suffers from (The European Graduate School, 2012). Although he may have the most of influenceRead MoreAnna Freud1216 Words   |  5 PagesANNA FREUD Anna Freud Anna Freud Selecting a woman that made significant contributions to the field of psychology between the years 1850 and 1950 is not an easy task as there is more than one woman who made significant contributions to the field of Psychology. Out of those talented women Anna Freud, overshadows her colleagues. Anna can be considered to have a fascinating background, which influenced her later development of unique theoretical perspectives. Her father, Sigmund Freud famous

Essay On Al Capone - 1271 Words

Al Capone was a highly known gangster in the 1920s Alphonse Capone born in Brooklyn, New York to a poor US immigrant couple, Gabriele and Teresina Capone, seeking a better opportunity for their then big family of eight children. He was known for running many lucrative illegal businesses that included alcohol bootlegging, gambling, prostitution, and protection. Al Capone was so notorious that he would murder those who got in his way. With little prosecution of his actions, Al Capone believed his self to being unstoppable. Al Capone, being raised as a kid in poverty learned hands on how to organize crime and became the biggest force in organized crime. Many poor and uneducated immigrants began to pour into the United States during the†¦show more content†¦With Chicago’s government being weak and easily to extort, Capone and Torrio began a business together through bootlegging, gang violence, and gambling in houses called deuces. At the beginning of the 1920s, James Colosimo was in charge and making the most money. Colosimo effectively developed profound political associations, by becoming a precinct captain in the First Ward Aldermen Coughlin and Kenna, and later turning into the bagman (authority of illicit benefits and container of fixes) in the vice laden Levee District, which gave him political insurance from any prosecution. He and Torrio also ran a very successful group of racketeers. This gang would become a crime organization called the Outfit through Al Capone syndicate. According to the PowerPoint, Colosimo did not want to be a part of the bootlegging business. Torrio disagreed stating that it was his opp ortunity and wealth. When Colosimo returned from his honeymoon, he was shot and killed in his own cafà ©. Many were led to think Torrio paid Frankie Yale to get rid of Colosimo. Torrio became the head leader and created a huge criminal empire through bootlegging. He shaped a new gang cartel that allocated the bootlegging industry ensuring product stability and higher profits. Dion O’Banion, the gardener, was a rival bootlegger who did whatever he wanted and killed whoever he thought was in his way. One day, O’Banion sent Torrio to jail for petty charge and bragged about it. A fewShow MoreRelated Al Capone Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pages Al Capone, probably the most notorious and well known gangster in history, was born in 1887 in Naples, Italy. His father, Gabriel Caponi, immigrated to Brooklyn from the slums of Naples in 1910. After he came here he changed his last name too Capone too blend in more. Al Capone’s gang activities started out when he was young. He was in the Five Points Gang, who were known for their violence. The gang’s tradition was to scar their victims with a knife cut from the outside corners of their eyes toRead More Al Capone Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages Al Capone still remains one of the most notable residents of quot;the Rock.quot; In a memoir written by Warden James Johnston, he reminisced about the intensity of public interest around Capones imprisonment, stating that he was continually barraged with questions about quot;Big Al.quot; Each day newspapers and press flooded his office with phone calls, wanting to know everything from how Capone liked the weather on quot;the Rock,quot; to what job assignment he was currently holding. BeforeRead MoreEssay on Al Capone697 Words   |  3 PagesAl Capone is one of Americas most feared, greatest-known gangsters and the utmost symbol of the fail of law and order in the United States during the 1920’s Prohibition era. Alphonse Capone was born on January 17, 1899, in Naples, Italy. He and his family later immigrated to the United States. They settled in Brooklyn, New York (â€Å"Capone, Alphonse†). Al Capone was a ruthless, violent, horrifying gangster. He was very organized and set on his high income. In 1920’s and 1930’s, Capone was the mostRead MoreEssay on Al Capone1286 Words   |  6 Pages Alphonse quot;Scar Facequot; Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1899, to an immigrant family. He was born with type O blood. People supposedly born with O type blood tend to have the drive to succeed in leadership quality. They are strong, certain, and powerful, as will be seen later. However Al Capones leadership was taken to the extreme. (4 Blood Types, 4 Diets Eat Right 4 Your Type) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Certainly many Italian immigrants like immigrants of all nationalities, frequentlyRead MoreEssay on Al Capone1697 Words   |  7 PagesAl Capone In 1920, the United States entered a new stage in its life, the Era of Prohibition. However, flaws in the planning, execution, and administration caused this noble idea to vacillate unquestionably. However, men who were willing to break the law were the ones that were able to build a lucrative life for themselves; one such man was Alphonse Capone. However, honest men such as Elliot Ness fought adamantly to defend their morals, beliefs, and the law of the land. Nevertheless, Capone wasRead More Al Capone Essay2647 Words   |  11 PagesAl Capone Prohibition led to the bootlegging of liquor and the gang wars of the 1920’s. The most notorious gangster of all time, known as Al Capone, was the most powerful mob leader of his era. He dominated organized crime in the Chicago area from 1925 until 1931. Capone grew up during the roaring 20s in Chicago. He joined the James Street gang, lead by Johnny Torrio. In 1920, Torrio asked Capone to move to Chicago and work with his uncle who controlled the city’s largest prostitution and gamblingRead MoreAl Capone Essay1856 Words   |  8 PagesNational Prohibition Act became the 18th Amendment in America. This law, which only began on the 16th of January 1920, saw the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors banned in every state of America. During the time of prohibition Al Capone became the most infamous gangster of American history as a result of his multimillion dollar Chicago operation. Capone’s operation involved bootlegging, prostitution and g ambling, where he dominated the organised crime spectacle of America. OrganisedRead MoreAl Capone Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesSCARFACE Capone Born in New York City, in 1899, by parents Gabriel and Teresa Capone, Alphonse Capone was blessed with a historical blend of ruthless gangster in his blood. Al Capones parents immigrated to the United States in 1893, from Naples, Italy. Al Capone came from a huge family. He was the fourth oldest of nine children. At birth, Capones parents never would have believed that their son, Alphonse Capone, would grow up to be a murderous thug without remorse. As a child, Al Capone wasRead More Al Capone Essay688 Words   |  3 PagesAl Capone Throughout Americas history there have been many famous criminals, John Dillinger, John Gotti, Lucky Luciano, just to name a few. However, due to his extreme wealth and Godfather like status, the most notorious and famous one might have been Al Capone. Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York on January 17, 1899 to immigrants from Naples, Italy. At a very young age, he became involved in organized crime by quitting school after sixth grade and joining a local neighborhoodRead More Al Capone Essay1867 Words   |  8 Pages Al Capone Al Capone is Americas best-known gangster and the single greatest symbol of the collapse of law and order in the United States during the 1920s Prohibition era. Capone had a leading role in the illegal activities that lent Chicago its reputation as a lawless city. Al Capones mug shot, 1931. Capone was born on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. Baptized quot;Alphonsus Capone,quot; he grew up in a rough neighborhood and was a member of two quot;kid gangs,quot; the Brooklyn

Probation And Punishment Essay examples - 692 Words

Probation and Punishment In review of Kris’ file, I learned that Kris had been in trouble in the past, as a juvenile, Kris was arrested both for battery and trespassing and now as an adult Kris has been arrested for theft. Kris, now a married adult is looking to â€Å"start over and have a life outside of crime. In review of Kris’ probation paperwork, I do agree with Robert’s decision for thoughts for the most part. I agree with Robert in the fact that Kris needs an intensive probation program in order to keep him in line and make sure that he is following the rules of the program. Also, I agree with Robert’s view point that since Kris is now a married man and wants a life on the straight and arrow, he likely will not commit another†¦show more content†¦A person that has these responsibilities, likely will not commit another crime because they want to change for their loved ones. Defend or critique the strategy of matching the inmate to the correctional facility as a response to the legal concept of cruel and unusual punishment. Provide a rationale for your position with concrete examples. For the most part, I do agree with how inmates are matched to their correctional facility. There is a level for everything, which makes sense. Having a white collar criminal in a prison with murders makes no sense at all. White collar criminals could easily be forced into participating into bad activities, just because they are worried about their safety. It makes sense to keep certain levels of criminals together in I do believe that a lot of programs that are offered are worth the tax payer’s money; extra officers are definitely necessary, especially in high security prisons for everyone’s safety. Also, programs such as counseling and therapy for the inmates is also worth tax payers money; these programs allow inmates, that might have the chance of being release and on the streets again, to work on themselves and in turn become better people before they are free to roam. I also think programs such as building gardens for inmates is worth the money too. Learning how to do such things can allow to inmates to pick up a trade, someone they might have never know they were anyShow MoreRelatedProbation and Punishment Final Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Probation and Punishment Xavian Deniz Introduction to Criminal Justice Prof. Robert Hammes Law and order are two words that keep our society from collapsing on its self. We the American people have our freedom to do what ever we want; we can purse any career, go down to your favorite restaurant and order whatever you want. We have these freedoms because people fought for them many years ago, so that we wouldn’t be under rule or dictatorship. Many people take our freedom for grantedRead MoreProbation and Punishment Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesIs Kris able to come back to society after probation? Kris Young is 25 years old, and got into some trouble at age 13and received probation for a case involving battery. While Kris was on probation he was arrested for criminal trespass and he had received additional probation time. Some of my results from the file review did not match Roberts. Two views in which Robert and I had the same were giving Kris and extension for probation period beyond the original two years. Because Kris fail to pay hisRead MoreThe Punishment Mechanisms Of Probation And Parole Essay1844 Words   |  8 PagesThe punishment mechanisms of probation and parole developed from different social circumstances, which were driven by the need for alternative means to imprisonment. The creation of the mechanisms for probation can be linked to the moral panic caused by the excess consumption of alcohol and the increased amount of alcohol-related offences. In contrast, the development of parole was the result of the systems at the time, failing to deliver the expected res ults. This essay will outline the differentRead MoreThe Punishment of Probation- A Proposed Solution to the Prison Overcrowding Problem in England885 Words   |  4 Pagesbecomes more of a problem in today’s society the government are coming up with new punishments which will help to reduce the overcrowding within the prisons. One of these new punishments is probation, this is a sentence which is been imposed by court and given to the offender either after the offender has served their sentence in prison or not at all. Within this essay, the focus will be to explain if the probation service is either soft or a hard option whilst covering three concepts to see whatRead MoreEssay about Crj 100 Week 10 Assignment 3 Probation and Punishment746 Words   |  3 PagesCRJ 100 Week 10 Assignment 3 Probation and Punishment Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/crj-100-week-10-assignment-3-probation-and-punishment/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com ssignment 3: Probation and Punishment In preparation for this assignment, please complete all required readings and activities in Weeks 8 through 10 in Unit 3: Corrections.WRITE MINUMUM 4 SENTENCES FOR EACH PARAPGRAPH. PROVIDE ORGINAL WORK. WRITE THEM ON YOUR OWN WORDS. GONNA USE TURNITIN TO CHECKRead MoreDefinitions Of Probation And Probation Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesClassifications of Probation According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, at year end of 2012, more than 4.7 million adults were under some form of community probation in the United States (Bonczar and Maruschak, bjs.gov). With so many adults on probation, one could only ask how they all are supervised. With the criminal justice system already bursting at the seams with offenders, its main objective is to keep offenders out of this already exhausted system. Probation, also called intermediateRead MoreAccredited programme requirements were created from the Criminal Justice Act 2003 but in order to1300 Words   |  6 PagesJustice Act 2003 but in order to understand how this came to be it is significant that the history and political context of the probation service is understood. The Probation of Offenders Act was established in 1907 and under this act the release if offenders into the community under the control of probation officers were made official. The primary aim of the probation was made clear under this act which was to advise, assist and befriend and it continued that way until 1970’s. During this periodRead MoreThe Issue Of Criminal Law1495 Words   |  6 Pagesdetails and the reason that why we need to have some criminal law or laws and why there are so many different laws for different kind of criminals? Probation: Probation is chance to live in your own community by obeying some rules we will discuss what is the history of probation and what kind of importance does it have for society The job for probation and parole officers: It describes what kind of job do these officers have and what rules and responsibilities they have to follow. Criminal Law:Read MoreThe Incarceration Of The Correctional System1193 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many options a judge might choose as punishment or rehabilitation for an offender other than having the offender complete his or her whole sentence in jail or be sent to jail or prison all together. Some options the judge might decide to use are parole, probation, community correction, and many other forms of sentencing him or her might hand down to an offender. There is always a better solution to the current methods of parole process, probation system, and the community corrections optionsRead MoreThe Importance Of Probation And An Offender From Detention Based Upon Good Behavior1603 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The idea of probation refers to the release of an offender from detention based upon good behavior. Probation, itself, is the process in which offenders are monitored by officers in an attempt to correct their behavior and prevent further offenses. This process, however, is centered on the idea of changing cognitive processing toward crime, to implement operant conditioning and to manipulate social learning, all of this relating to a psychological lens. Using these separate techniques

Physical And Infrastructure Security Is Essential For...

Physical and Infrastructure Security is essential to protecting organizational interests from both well-known and undocumented threats. Acts of nature can be a detriment to daily operations as well as the actions of humans. Mitigation of such threats should be taken into consideration and recovery planning and preparation is key. A well-developed policy that is executed and enforced within the organization can assist in this objective. The active threat environment is constantly evolving as much as the protected targets. Thus, the policy must be derived from information based on current and future threats. It is important for organizations to know the risk they face of natural disasters, based on the location of operation. Additionally, performing a risk versus cost assessment to determine how finite resources are best allocated. Technical threats that can cause a disruption of operation, must also be addressed. This type of threat can derive from the loss of power, or electromagnetic interference. Therefore, it is crucial for organizations to identify and mitigate against the current and future trends in the threat environment. Lastly, human-caused threats are another essential part to protect organizational interests. The understanding of trends used for proper access control and exploits needs to be implemented. It is important for industry leaders to become involved in legislation to guide judicial organizations in the prudent and informed establishment ofShow MoreRelatedPhysical And Infrastructure Security Is Essential For Protecting Organizational Interests From Both Well Known And Undocumented Threats1747 Words   |  7 Pages Physical and Infrastructure Security is essential to protecting organizational interests from both well-known and undocumented threats. Acts of nature can be a detriment to daily operations as well as the actions of humans. Mitigation of such threats should be taken into consideration and recovery planning and preparation is key. A well-developed policy that is executed and enforced within the organization can assist in this objective. The active threat environment is constantly evolving asRead MoreCissp Dictionary8729 Words   |  35 PagesAn enhancement to the original DES algorithm that uses multiple keys to encrypt plaintext. See also DES. AAA: Shorthand for the system controls authentication, authorization, and accountability. Abstraction: A process of viewing an application from its highest-level functions, which makes lower-level functions abstract. Access control: The ability to permit or deny the use of an object (a passive entity such as a system or file) by a subject (an active entity such as a person or process). Read MoreNsa Capstone Project Essay16270 Words   |  66 Pageswarm up tests of equipment. Start Time 8:00 am End Time 5:00 pm 8:00 am 5:00 pm Saturday July, 6th-7th, 2013: ï‚ · This weekend will include all tests necessary to achieve full connectivity throughout this site and building including any security and software configurations. If for any reason this should not be achieved appropriate personnel will stay at this site until full connectivity is achieved. Start Time 8:00 am End Time 5:00 pm After full connectivity is reached an evaluationRead MoreOperational Risk Management50825 Words   |  204 Pages0031577 Preface Given the rising complexity of banking, which results from internationalization, expansion and change in business activities, the increasing use of innovative ï ¬  nancial products (securitized products, credit derivatives, structured products) and the signiï ¬ cance of modern information technologies, the new regulatory capital framework (Basel II) also includes requirements for risk management as well as a regulatory capital charge for â€Å"operational risk†. In part, this risk categoryRead MoreManagement Information Systems22991 Words   |  92 PagesEssential of MIS (9th edition) Chapter 1 1) As discussed in the chapter opening case, the Yankees use of information systems in their new stadium can be seen as an effort to achieve which of the primary business objectives? A) Operational excellence B) Survival C) Customer and supplier intimacy D) Improved decision making 2) Journalist Thomas Friedman s description of the world as flat referred to: A) the flattening of economic and cultural advantages of developed countries. B)Read MoreBusiness Information Systems31162 Words   |  125 PagesEssentials of Business Information Systems http://www.hocbonganh.co.uk/userfiles/Essentials%20of%20Business%20Information%20Systems.pdf Text Book: Laudon amp; Laudon, Essentials of Business Information Systems, 7th Edition, Pearson (Prentice Hall), 2007 Chapter 1 Business Information Systems in Your Career Multiple Choice Questions 1. One of the recent critical challenges facing Major League Baseball was: a. poor coordination between local and national sales channels. b. poorly managedRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesinterface. Discuss why ethical issues and professionalism affect HR management as a career field. ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational Success More effective management of human resources (HR) increasingly is being seen as positively affecting performance in organizations, both large and small. A joint venture between General Electric and a Japanese company, GE Fanuc is a manufacturer of factory automation and control products. Headquartered in VirginiaRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesLibrary and Information Center Management, Sixth Edition Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran United States Government Information: Policies and Sources Peter Hernon, Harold C. Relyea, Robert E. Dugan, and Joan F. Cheverie Library Information Systems: From Library Automation to Distributed Information Access Solutions Thomas R. Kochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management Frances C. Wilkinson and Linda K. Lewis Organization of Information, Second Edition Arlene G. TaylorRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pages The Clarion School for Boys, Inc.– Milwaukee Division: Making Information Systems Investments CASE STUDY IV-2 FastTrack IT Integration for the Sallie Mae Merger CASE STUDY IV-3 IT Infrastructure Outsourcing at Schaeffer (A): The Outsourcing Decision CASE STUDY IV-4 IT Infrastructure Outsourcing at Schaeffer (B): Managing the Contract CASE STUDY IV-5 Systems Support for a New Baxter Manufacturing Company Plant in Mexico CASE STUDY IV-6 The Challenges of Local SystemRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageswe choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades

Carson Essay Example For Students

Carson Essay CarsonI would like to thank Mr. and Mrs. Smith for asking me to speak today on behalf of Carson. First things first, everyone grab a tissue and wipe your tears. I know Carson is here right now and she is watching us come up here and cry, I know she hates that. She hates it when anyone cries, so everyone cheer up, crying is not what she would have wanted. We are here to celebrate and commemorate the life of a truly wonderful girl. I never in a million years thought that one day I would have to say good bye to such a wonderful soul. Carson, you were a shining light in my life for thirteen years. How can let you go with so much of our lives left still to experience. I remember the first day we met; truthfully I didnt get a good impression of you. You were wearing a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles t-shirt, I hated that cartoon. But you redeemed yourself by inviting me inside for snacks and a soda. It was only a matter of time before we were on the front lawn selling lemonade and playing hou se. I even broke my wrist in your backyard, boy did I feel stupid when everyone else could do a cartwheel and I couldnt. The countless sleepovers, bike rides, movies, and fights made our friendship flourish. Today, though I want to tell you about the Carson I knew. The girl who always put others before herself, the girl who loved, the girl who was beautiful inside and out. Carson was a straight A student who was very hard on herself, grades were very important to her. She also knew that there were those who didnt do well in school, so she would tutor anyone who asked. I know I would have never passed physics without her. Carson was a talented child right from the start. She would give me chills when she played Beethovens 5th symphony on her piano. Oh yeah, did I mention she was also an extremely gifted artist. She put her heart and soul in her drawings; I always thought they were her essence sketched onto paper. She was athletic, one of the best soccer and tennis players I have eve r seen. Carson spent hours on end practicing; she was determined to be the best she could be. It never mattered what others thought of her ability, her self satisfaction was all she was aiming for. Most importantly I want to tell her family just how full of love her heart was for them. Mrs. Shelly, a day never went by without Carson displaying the little love letter you would put in her lunch everyday. She would then hold it to her heart for a moment and then fold it up and save it inside her locker. She took pride in the fact that she looked just like you, and that you saved a little of your time each day to ask about her day. I remember when we were little and making mothers day crafts, she tried so hard for hers to be perfect, so as not to disappoint you on your day. You meant a lot to Carson, no one could ever replace a wonderful mother. Mr. Jack, Carson was so thrilled that you coached every one of her soccer teams. She would always brag to other girls that her dad was the head honcho and would come straight to practice from a busy day at the office. I saw the hugs she gave you, her arms would never let go. She worried about you when you smoked and even cried to me that she couldnt bear to loose you to lung cancer or emphysema. When you quit smoking it relieved her and she was able to rest easy knowing her dad was okay. I think the term Daddys little girl is a huge understatement to describe your strong relationship. Bond, you were her brother almost a twin because of the one year age difference. Your petty arguments and sometimes wrestling matches with each other were your ways of showing love. Nevertheless, she was glad to have you around. If you werent, who would supply the random boys to drool over? I wish I had that type of love with my siblings, please know it was and still is something precious. We have to realize that Carsons life changed us all. She showed us that we have to be kind and generous to everyone, we have to get out there and experienc e life in sports and recreation, and that it is necessary to express ourselves through art and music. Carson taught me what love was, her heart and soul were two things no one could come close to surpassing in terms of depth. I once read in a magazine a column that was titled The most memorable person youll ever meet. For me and everyone else in this room that person will always be the one, the only, Carson. .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c , .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c .postImageUrl , .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c , .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c:hover , .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c:visited , .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c:active { border:0!important; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c:active , .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5af4d9495c2aedf9777976adfc8ad8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bioethics Essay

Impeccable Humanities Essay Sample for Students

Introduction The media has been in a changing and dynamic form ever since the newer technologies have changed the paradigm of thinking (Anderson Bushman, 2002). The use of internet along with vibrancy of media gives a access to the individual that is beyond imagination. A child can play games, access books, and learn new things with the help of media. However it has been noted that the behaviour of the person is influenced by the virtual world. Violence in media and aggressive attitude of the people are getting interlinked these days. The violence is the resultant of the human brain, which controls the behaviours and attitudes of the individual. Level of analysis means the effects of the various kinds of media on the human being. The idea behind this research paper is to try and analyze the levels of analysis with statistics that mention the impact of the use of the video games on children. There have been researches that prove that the US children are exposed to higher amount of media violence. The research from Roberts et al. (1999) mentioned that the video games are gaining popularity and children between the age of 8 and 18 years are using some or the other media form. The research done by Rideout et al. (1999) stated that 10 percent of the children in the age group of 2 years to 18 years are exposed to video games in more than an hour during the day. Violence in Media Affects Human Behaviour Extensive research done on the subject of media role on the behaviour of the people have witnessed that the scenes that violent scenes in movie or other media forms results in significant change in the aggression of the person. The young adults are expected to become more aggressive and violent if they are constantly exposed to the media violence (Huesmann et al., 1999). The changes in the technology have seen the development of games and gaming devices like the PSP, Nintendo etc. These devices are now coming with simulators that have opened the gates for more violence in the video games. Studies have shown that the atmosphere created by the media becomes violent and therefore it is all the more risky. The effects of the violent media are on the creation of the society that is more violent. The nature and the way of the social interactions of the child change after being exposed to the violent movies or video games (Mudore, 2000). Levels of Analysis There are various levels of analysis that determine the response of the human behaviour towards violent media exposure. These are as follows: Biological Analysis The constant exposure of human beings towards the violent media and video games results in the changes in the human body that is biological in nature. The inheritance of the individual also determines the behaviour of the person. The studies have mentioned that it is the response of the human mind in the particular situation that creates the aggressiveness in the individual (Anderson et al., 2003). The meta analysis done on the violent behaviour of youths point out that the violence in television results in the youths becoming more aggressive adults (Ferguson Kilburn, 2009). The biological impact of media can be seen in cases of limitation of the sexually explicit material to be shown to the children as that can impact their minds (ISRA, 2011). Psychological Analysis The behaviour of a person is dependent on the conceiving of the brain. There is a sharp affect on the brain of the children on account of pressure that is created sometimes by the parents, educational system. This results in the psychological imprisonment of the child. When these children are turned to aggressive movies and video games there anxiety and the confinement of mind results in there becoming more aggressive towards the society. Bjorkqvist (1985) mention that the example of the Night Basketball. A person which is having aggressive nature and thoughts cannot be molded into a saint like Mahatma Gandhi just by playing a game of basketball. Environmental and Social Analysis Violent media not only impacts the biological and psychological factors but also impact the social and environmental front. The way an individual interacts with the society and the external environment determines the social attitude. The attitude of aggression or prosocial behaviour is the aftermath of the aggressive media the children are tuned to. An example of violent game Mortal Kombat can be given, in which the character is controlled by the player which participates in the fighting tournament. The fighting tournament wants you to kill your opponent. There are special rewards and point system for the violence shown (Elmer-Dewitt, 1993). The changes in the nature of the child is the resultant of these video games, many a times it is the result of the societal behaviour that can aggravate the hatred. A child might be punished by the teacher or senior students that can increase the behaviour of violence in him that has been filled in him by higher revelation to the media. Conclusion The paper discussed about the levels of analysis and the role of the media in transforming the behaviour of the individual especially children. It was noted that the constant exposure towards violent video games, affects the biological, psychological and societal aspects of the person. The Meta analysis have shown that the people tend to find change in behaviour and their brains become inclined to given aggressive instructions to the body, which can result in the violence. Technological advancements have also increased the time that a child spends on the video games. Aggression shown in the video games therefore forms the part of the mindset of the child and they behave in an aggressive manner themselves. Human brain leads to the violent behaviour and that is affected by the constant touch with violent media. References Anderson, C A, Berkowitz, L, Donnerstein, E, Huesmann, L R, Johnson, J, Linz, D, Wartella E 2003, The influence of media violence on youth, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 81110. Anderson, C A, Bushman, B J 2002, The effects of media violence on society, Science, 295, 2377 2379. Bjorkqvist, K 1985, Violent films, anxiety, and aggression. Helsinki: Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters. Elmer-Dewitt P 1993, The amazing video game boom. Time, September, 66-73. Ferguson, C J, Kilburn, J 2009, The public health risks of media violence: A meta-analytic review, Journal of Pediatrics, 154, 759 763. Huesmann, L R, Moise, J F, Podolski, C -L, Eron, L D 1999, The prediction of young adult aggression in the 1990s from childhood exposure to media violence in the 1970s: Gender differences and moderating factors for USA youth, Aggressive Behavior, 25, pp. 19. ISRA 2011, Report of Media Violence Commission, 38, pp 335-341. Mudore, C F 2000, Does TV violence kill? Current Health, 26(6), 24 26. Rideout, V G, Foehr, U G, Roberts, D F, Brodie, M 1999, Kids media @ the new millennium: Executive summary. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation. Roberts, D F Foehr, U G Rideout, V G Brodie, M 1999, Kids media @ the new millennium, Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.